{
  "name": "Enterprise AI in Numbers",
  "description": "The numbers that move enterprise AI decisions: adoption, spending, capability, cost, talent, risk and results, each with its source, its date and what it means for leaders.",
  "url": "https://lucianoayres.com/ai-brief/data/",
  "curator": "Luciano Ayres",
  "license": {
    "name": "CC BY 4.0",
    "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
  },
  "license_note": "Our compilation is CC BY 4.0; each figure remains subject to its source's terms, listed with each indicator.",
  "date_modified": "2026-10-25",
  "indicators": [
    {
      "id": "us-business-ai-use",
      "url": "https://lucianoayres.com/ai-brief/data/us-business-ai-use/",
      "title": "Share of US businesses using AI",
      "lens": "adoption",
      "unit": "percent",
      "definition": "Share of businesses that used artificial intelligence to produce goods or services in the two weeks before the survey, as estimated by the US Census Bureau.",
      "population": "US employer businesses responding to the Census Bureau's Business Trends and Outlook Survey",
      "cadence": "Every two weeks",
      "sources": [
        {
          "publisher": "US Census Bureau, Business Trends and Outlook Survey",
          "url": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads",
          "license": "Public domain (US government work)"
        }
      ],
      "readings": [
        {
          "as_of": "2025-11-30",
          "value": 17.3,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 12.7,
            "retail-consumer": 12.5,
            "technology-telecom": 41,
            "financial-services": 29.9,
            "professional-services": 34.7,
            "public-sector": 31.9
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-12-14",
          "value": 17.2,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 10.5,
            "retail-consumer": 13.1,
            "technology-telecom": 32.1,
            "financial-services": 29.4,
            "professional-services": 32,
            "public-sector": 23.6
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-12-28",
          "value": 17.8,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 13.7,
            "retail-consumer": 11.3,
            "technology-telecom": 36.5,
            "financial-services": 30.5,
            "professional-services": 33,
            "public-sector": 34
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-01-11",
          "value": 17.7,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 11.7,
            "retail-consumer": 12.6,
            "technology-telecom": 37.7,
            "financial-services": 30.7,
            "professional-services": 34.1,
            "public-sector": 28.9
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-01-25",
          "value": 18.2,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 13.3,
            "retail-consumer": 13.8,
            "technology-telecom": 37.5,
            "financial-services": 30.3,
            "professional-services": 34.9,
            "public-sector": 30
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-02-08",
          "value": 18.9,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 12.7,
            "retail-consumer": 12.5,
            "technology-telecom": 41.2,
            "financial-services": 31.7,
            "professional-services": 36.3,
            "public-sector": 35.3
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-02-22",
          "value": 17.5,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 13.9,
            "retail-consumer": 12.4,
            "technology-telecom": 40.8,
            "financial-services": 30.4,
            "professional-services": 34.4,
            "public-sector": 29.9
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-03-08",
          "value": 18.2,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 13.5,
            "retail-consumer": 11.1,
            "technology-telecom": 30.3,
            "financial-services": 29.6,
            "professional-services": 34.4,
            "public-sector": 28.6
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-03-22",
          "value": 18.9,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 16.9,
            "retail-consumer": 13.2,
            "technology-telecom": 35.9,
            "financial-services": 31.1,
            "professional-services": 36,
            "public-sector": 33.7
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-04-05",
          "value": 19.1,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 16.9,
            "retail-consumer": 13.8,
            "technology-telecom": 41.5,
            "financial-services": 34.1,
            "professional-services": 36.9,
            "public-sector": 27.6
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-04-19",
          "value": 19.8,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 16.9,
            "retail-consumer": 15.4,
            "technology-telecom": 41.8,
            "financial-services": 33,
            "professional-services": 36.3,
            "public-sector": 32.3
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-05-03",
          "value": 19.8,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 16.4,
            "retail-consumer": 14.3,
            "technology-telecom": 39.7,
            "financial-services": 33.9,
            "professional-services": 37,
            "public-sector": 34.7
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-05-17",
          "value": 19.5,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 15.5,
            "retail-consumer": 15.3,
            "technology-telecom": 42.9,
            "financial-services": 31.3,
            "professional-services": 38.8,
            "public-sector": 31.3
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-05-31",
          "value": 20.6,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 16.1,
            "retail-consumer": 15.9,
            "technology-telecom": 38.8,
            "financial-services": 35.7,
            "professional-services": 36.7,
            "public-sector": 32.1
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-06-14",
          "value": 20.6,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 17.4,
            "retail-consumer": 15.1,
            "technology-telecom": 41.9,
            "financial-services": 34.9,
            "professional-services": 37.6,
            "public-sector": 35.4
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-06-28",
          "value": 20.6,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 19.2,
            "retail-consumer": 16.3,
            "technology-telecom": 43.5,
            "financial-services": 34.3,
            "professional-services": 38.2,
            "public-sector": 34.3
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-07-12",
          "value": 21.7,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 19.7,
            "retail-consumer": 17.4,
            "technology-telecom": 43.7,
            "financial-services": 36,
            "professional-services": 37.6,
            "public-sector": 30.9
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-07-26",
          "value": 21.5,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 20.3,
            "retail-consumer": 15.5,
            "technology-telecom": 41.9,
            "financial-services": 35.5,
            "professional-services": 40,
            "public-sector": 36.2
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-08-09",
          "value": 21.8,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 19.3,
            "retail-consumer": 15.5,
            "technology-telecom": 45,
            "financial-services": 36.8,
            "professional-services": 39.3,
            "public-sector": 36.7
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-08-23",
          "value": 22.4,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 20.3,
            "retail-consumer": 15.2,
            "technology-telecom": 46,
            "financial-services": 40,
            "professional-services": 41.9,
            "public-sector": 33.8
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-09-06",
          "value": 23.2,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 23.4,
            "retail-consumer": 15.5,
            "technology-telecom": 43.5,
            "financial-services": 36.5,
            "professional-services": 43.3,
            "public-sector": 35.5
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-09-20",
          "value": 23.8,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 19.5,
            "retail-consumer": 16.5,
            "technology-telecom": 49,
            "financial-services": 41,
            "professional-services": 43.9,
            "public-sector": 30
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-10-04",
          "value": 23.8,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 20.8,
            "retail-consumer": 16.8,
            "technology-telecom": 50.2,
            "financial-services": 40.1,
            "professional-services": 42.7,
            "public-sector": 39.9
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-10-18",
          "value": 24.6,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 22.9,
            "retail-consumer": 18.5,
            "technology-telecom": 46.4,
            "financial-services": 40.5,
            "professional-services": 43.8,
            "public-sector": 33.4
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "us-business-ai-plans",
      "url": "https://lucianoayres.com/ai-brief/data/us-business-ai-plans/",
      "title": "Share of US businesses expecting to use AI in the next six months",
      "lens": "adoption",
      "unit": "percent",
      "definition": "Share of businesses that expect to use artificial intelligence to produce goods or services in the next six months, as estimated by the US Census Bureau.",
      "population": "US employer businesses responding to the Census Bureau's Business Trends and Outlook Survey",
      "cadence": "Every two weeks",
      "sources": [
        {
          "publisher": "US Census Bureau, Business Trends and Outlook Survey",
          "url": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads",
          "license": "Public domain (US government work)"
        }
      ],
      "readings": [
        {
          "as_of": "2025-11-30",
          "value": 21.1,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 17,
            "retail-consumer": 15.7,
            "technology-telecom": 41.2,
            "financial-services": 31.8,
            "professional-services": 37.8,
            "public-sector": 35.4
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-12-14",
          "value": 20.9,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 17,
            "retail-consumer": 16.8,
            "technology-telecom": 39.3,
            "financial-services": 33.3,
            "professional-services": 35,
            "public-sector": 30
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-12-28",
          "value": 21.3,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 19,
            "retail-consumer": 15,
            "technology-telecom": 44.4,
            "financial-services": 34.7,
            "professional-services": 36.2,
            "public-sector": 41.6
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-01-11",
          "value": 22.4,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 16.3,
            "retail-consumer": 18.2,
            "technology-telecom": 44.8,
            "financial-services": 33.2,
            "professional-services": 39.3,
            "public-sector": 38.4
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-01-25",
          "value": 22.1,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 18.2,
            "retail-consumer": 17.5,
            "technology-telecom": 42.2,
            "financial-services": 36.8,
            "professional-services": 38.3,
            "public-sector": 29.2
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-02-08",
          "value": 22.1,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 17,
            "retail-consumer": 16.2,
            "technology-telecom": 46.4,
            "financial-services": 34.7,
            "professional-services": 38.3,
            "public-sector": 36.8
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-02-22",
          "value": 21,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 16.8,
            "retail-consumer": 15.7,
            "technology-telecom": 43.1,
            "financial-services": 37.3,
            "professional-services": 38.1,
            "public-sector": 33.6
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-03-08",
          "value": 21.8,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 15.9,
            "retail-consumer": 14.6,
            "technology-telecom": 36.7,
            "financial-services": 35.8,
            "professional-services": 38.2,
            "public-sector": 31.5
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-03-22",
          "value": 22.3,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 18.7,
            "retail-consumer": 16.3,
            "technology-telecom": 43.7,
            "financial-services": 36.9,
            "professional-services": 39.9,
            "public-sector": 38.3
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-04-05",
          "value": 22.5,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 18.6,
            "retail-consumer": 16.5,
            "technology-telecom": 42.8,
            "financial-services": 42.9,
            "professional-services": 40.9,
            "public-sector": 33.9
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-04-19",
          "value": 23,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 19.5,
            "retail-consumer": 18.2,
            "technology-telecom": 44.4,
            "financial-services": 41.4,
            "professional-services": 40,
            "public-sector": 37.6
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-05-03",
          "value": 22.8,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 19.5,
            "retail-consumer": 16.8,
            "technology-telecom": 41.8,
            "financial-services": 38.9,
            "professional-services": 40.4,
            "public-sector": 39.9
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-05-17",
          "value": 22.7,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 17.1,
            "retail-consumer": 18.9,
            "technology-telecom": 44.7,
            "financial-services": 37.2,
            "professional-services": 42.9,
            "public-sector": 33
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-05-31",
          "value": 23.7,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 19,
            "retail-consumer": 18,
            "technology-telecom": 43.2,
            "financial-services": 41.4,
            "professional-services": 40.6,
            "public-sector": 37.6
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-06-14",
          "value": 23.9,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 20.7,
            "retail-consumer": 16.8,
            "technology-telecom": 44.8,
            "financial-services": 41.1,
            "professional-services": 41.5,
            "public-sector": 39.5
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-06-28",
          "value": 23.7,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 21.7,
            "retail-consumer": 18.7,
            "technology-telecom": 46.1,
            "financial-services": 41.9,
            "professional-services": 42.4,
            "public-sector": 38
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-07-12",
          "value": 24.5,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 21.3,
            "retail-consumer": 18.6,
            "technology-telecom": 46.8,
            "financial-services": 41.7,
            "professional-services": 41.8,
            "public-sector": 33.1
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-07-26",
          "value": 24.3,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 23.1,
            "retail-consumer": 18.8,
            "technology-telecom": 44.1,
            "financial-services": 42.8,
            "professional-services": 42.9,
            "public-sector": 37.7
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-08-09",
          "value": 25.9,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 23.5,
            "retail-consumer": 18.6,
            "technology-telecom": 50.3,
            "financial-services": 44.2,
            "professional-services": 45.4,
            "public-sector": 40.6
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-08-23",
          "value": 25.9,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 23.3,
            "retail-consumer": 18.2,
            "technology-telecom": 48.6,
            "financial-services": 45.8,
            "professional-services": 46.5,
            "public-sector": 41.3
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-09-06",
          "value": 27.3,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 26.1,
            "retail-consumer": 19.3,
            "technology-telecom": 49.1,
            "financial-services": 43.8,
            "professional-services": 48.5,
            "public-sector": 38.8
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-09-20",
          "value": 27.6,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 24,
            "retail-consumer": 19.6,
            "technology-telecom": 52.1,
            "financial-services": 45.9,
            "professional-services": 48.5,
            "public-sector": 33.8
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-10-04",
          "value": 27.7,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 25.6,
            "retail-consumer": 20.1,
            "technology-telecom": 52,
            "financial-services": 48,
            "professional-services": 47.2,
            "public-sector": 44.9
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-10-18",
          "value": 28.6,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 27,
            "retail-consumer": 22.5,
            "technology-telecom": 51.1,
            "financial-services": 47.4,
            "professional-services": 48.8,
            "public-sector": 36.7
          },
          "source": "https://www.census.gov/hfp/btos/data_downloads"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "eu-enterprise-ai-use",
      "url": "https://lucianoayres.com/ai-brief/data/eu-enterprise-ai-use/",
      "title": "Share of EU enterprises using AI",
      "lens": "adoption",
      "unit": "percent",
      "definition": "Share of enterprises that use at least one AI technology (such as text mining, speech recognition, generative AI, image recognition, machine learning or AI-based automation), from Eurostat's survey on ICT usage in enterprises, carried out in the first half of each year.",
      "population": "Enterprises with 10 or more employees in the 27 EU countries, excluding the financial sector",
      "cadence": "Annual",
      "sources": [
        {
          "publisher": "Eurostat, ICT usage in enterprises",
          "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_eb_ai/default/table",
          "license": "CC BY 4.0"
        }
      ],
      "readings": [
        {
          "as_of": "2021-06-30",
          "period": "2021",
          "value": 7.65,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 6.93,
            "energy-utilities": 17.66,
            "retail-consumer": 6,
            "technology-telecom": 25.37,
            "professional-services": 17.39
          },
          "source": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/isoc_eb_ai/default/table"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-06-30",
          "period": "2023",
          "value": 8.06,
          "breakdown": {
            "manufacturing": 6.79,
            "energy-utilities": 18.43,
            "retail-consumer": 6.08,
            "technology-telecom": 29.53,
            "professional-services": 18.66
          },
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          "value": 168.8,
          "label": "Claude Opus 5.5",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "open-weights-gap",
      "url": "https://lucianoayres.com/ai-brief/data/open-weights-gap/",
      "title": "Capability gap between the best closed and the best open-weight AI models",
      "lens": "capability",
      "unit": "points",
      "definition": "The best Epoch Capabilities Index score among closed-weight models minus the best among open-weight models released by the date shown.",
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      "cadence": "When new models are scored",
      "sources": [
        {
          "publisher": "Epoch AI, Capabilities and benchmarking",
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          "license": "CC BY 4.0"
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      ],
      "readings": [
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          "as_of": "2023-03-14",
          "value": 15.8,
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-07-18",
          "value": 12.1,
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-07-20",
          "value": 8.7,
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-11-02",
          "value": 8.4,
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        {
          "as_of": "2023-12-11",
          "value": 7.3,
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-01-25",
          "value": 8,
          "label": "GPT-4 Turbo (Nov 2023) vs Mixtral 8x7B",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-02-29",
          "value": 8.5,
          "label": "Claude 3 Opus vs Mixtral 8x7B",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-04-09",
          "value": 8.8,
          "label": "GPT-4 Turbo (Apr 2024) vs Mixtral 8x7B",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-04-17",
          "value": 5.2,
          "label": "GPT-4 Turbo (Apr 2024) vs Mixtral 8x22B",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-04-18",
          "value": 4.3,
          "label": "GPT-4 Turbo (Apr 2024) vs Llama 3-70B",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-05-07",
          "value": 2.5,
          "label": "GPT-4 Turbo (Apr 2024) vs DeepSeek-V2 (MoE-236B, May 2024)",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-05-13",
          "value": 4.2,
          "label": "GPT-4o (May 2024) vs DeepSeek-V2 (MoE-236B, May 2024)",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-06-07",
          "value": 3.7,
          "label": "GPT-4o (May 2024) vs Qwen2-72B",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-06-20",
          "value": 4.7,
          "label": "Claude 3.5 Sonnet vs Qwen2-72B",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-07-23",
          "value": 1.2,
          "label": "Claude 3.5 Sonnet vs Llama 3.1-405B",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-09-12",
          "value": 6.9,
          "label": "o1-mini vs Llama 3.1-405B",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-09-19",
          "value": 6.7,
          "label": "o1-mini vs Qwen2.5-72B",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-12-12",
          "value": 5.2,
          "label": "o1-mini vs Phi-4",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-12-17",
          "value": 11.2,
          "label": "o1 vs Phi-4",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-12-26",
          "value": 9.4,
          "label": "o1 vs DeepSeek-V3",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-01-20",
          "value": 2.9,
          "label": "o1 vs DeepSeek-R1",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-03-31",
          "value": 5.1,
          "label": "Gemini 2.5 Pro (Mar 2025) vs DeepSeek-R1",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-04-16",
          "value": 7.9,
          "label": "o3 vs DeepSeek-R1",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-04-28",
          "value": 7.6,
          "label": "o3 vs Qwen3-235B-A22B",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-05-28",
          "value": 5.6,
          "label": "o3 vs DeepSeek-R1 (May 2025)",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-06-10",
          "value": 6.2,
          "label": "o3-pro vs DeepSeek-R1 (May 2025)",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-07-25",
          "value": 3.6,
          "label": "o3-pro vs Qwen3-235B-A22B-Thinking (Jul 2025)",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-08-07",
          "value": 6.2,
          "label": "GPT-5 vs Qwen3-235B-A22B-Thinking (Jul 2025)",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-09-29",
          "value": 5.1,
          "label": "GPT-5 vs DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-10-07",
          "value": 5.7,
          "label": "GPT-5 Pro vs DeepSeek-V3.2-Exp",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-11-06",
          "value": 4.8,
          "label": "GPT-5 Pro vs Kimi K2 Thinking",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-11-18",
          "value": 7.3,
          "label": "Gemini 3 Pro vs Kimi K2 Thinking",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-12-01",
          "value": 7,
          "label": "Gemini 3 Pro vs DeepSeek-V3.2",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-12-11",
          "value": 10.2,
          "label": "GPT-5.2 Pro vs DeepSeek-V3.2",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-01-27",
          "value": 8.3,
          "label": "GPT-5.2 Pro vs Kimi K2.5",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-02-05",
          "value": 9,
          "label": "GPT-5.3 Codex vs Kimi K2.5",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-03-05",
          "value": 11.5,
          "label": "GPT-5.4 Pro vs Kimi K2.5",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-04-07",
          "value": 9.8,
          "label": "GPT-5.4 Pro vs GLM-5.1",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-04-20",
          "value": 8.6,
          "label": "GPT-5.4 Pro vs Kimi K2.6",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-04-23",
          "value": 12,
          "label": "GPT-5.5 Pro vs Kimi K2.6",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-06-09",
          "value": 12.5,
          "label": "Claude Fable 5 vs Kimi K2.6",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-06-16",
          "value": 11.5,
          "label": "Claude Fable 5 vs GLM-5.2",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-07-16",
          "value": 5.6,
          "label": "Claude Fable 5 vs Kimi K3",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-07-24",
          "value": 6.1,
          "label": "Claude Opus 5 vs Kimi K3",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-09-01",
          "value": 8.6,
          "label": "Claude Fable 5.1 vs Kimi K3",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-09-03",
          "value": 10.9,
          "label": "GPT-6 Astra vs Kimi K3",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-09-22",
          "value": 11,
          "label": "Claude Opus 5.5 vs Kimi K3",
          "source": "https://epoch.ai/benchmarks"
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      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "ai-agent-task-length",
      "url": "https://lucianoayres.com/ai-brief/data/ai-agent-task-length/",
      "title": "Length of tasks the best AI agents can complete",
      "lens": "capability",
      "unit": "minutes",
      "definition": "The longest task, measured by how long it takes a skilled human, that the best measured model completes successfully half the time (METR's 50% time horizon), recorded each time a model sets a new record.",
      "population": "AI models measured by METR on its current task suite",
      "cadence": "When new models are measured",
      "sources": [
        {
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          "value": 4,
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        {
          "as_of": "2024-05-13",
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          "label": "gpt-4o-2024-05-13",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-06-20",
          "value": 11.4,
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-09-12",
          "value": 20.3,
          "label": "o1-preview-2024-09-12",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-10-22",
          "value": 20.5,
          "label": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20241022",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-12-17",
          "value": 38.8,
          "label": "o1-2024-12-17_medium",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-02-24",
          "value": 60.4,
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-04-16",
          "value": 119.7,
          "label": "o3-2025-04-16_unknown",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-08-07",
          "value": 203,
          "label": "gpt-5-2025-08-07_high",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-11-18",
          "value": 224.3,
          "label": "gemini-3-pro-preview",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-11-24",
          "value": 293,
          "label": "claude-opus-4-5-20251101",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-12-11",
          "value": 352.2,
          "label": "gpt-5.2-2025-12-11_high",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-02-05",
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        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-04-07",
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      "sources": [
        {
          "publisher": "OpenRouter model list prices",
          "url": "https://openrouter.ai/models",
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        },
        {
          "publisher": "Epoch AI, Capabilities and benchmarking",
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          "as_of": "2026-10-25",
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              "label": "Gemini 4 Argon",
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              "label": "GPT-6.1 Sol",
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              "label": "Claude Sonnet 5.5",
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            {
              "label": "Claude Opus 5.5",
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            {
              "label": "Claude Opus 5",
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    },
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      "unit": "percent",
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      "population": "US job postings on Indeed",
      "cadence": "Monthly",
      "sources": [
        {
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      "readings": [
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          "as_of": "2019-01-31",
          "value": 1.73,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
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          "as_of": "2019-02-28",
          "value": 1.74,
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        {
          "as_of": "2019-03-31",
          "value": 1.69,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
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        {
          "as_of": "2019-04-30",
          "value": 1.67,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
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        {
          "as_of": "2019-05-31",
          "value": 1.66,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
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        {
          "as_of": "2019-06-30",
          "value": 1.71,
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        {
          "as_of": "2019-07-31",
          "value": 1.75,
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        {
          "as_of": "2019-08-31",
          "value": 1.7,
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        {
          "as_of": "2019-09-30",
          "value": 1.79,
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          "as_of": "2019-11-30",
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          "as_of": "2019-12-31",
          "value": 1.91,
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        {
          "as_of": "2020-01-31",
          "value": 1.93,
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        {
          "as_of": "2020-02-29",
          "value": 1.96,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
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        {
          "as_of": "2020-03-31",
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          "as_of": "2022-07-31",
          "value": 2.82,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2022-08-31",
          "value": 2.67,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2022-09-30",
          "value": 2.54,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2022-10-31",
          "value": 2.38,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2022-11-30",
          "value": 2.21,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2022-12-31",
          "value": 2.19,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-01-31",
          "value": 2.13,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-02-28",
          "value": 2.04,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-03-31",
          "value": 1.84,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-04-30",
          "value": 1.78,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-05-31",
          "value": 1.73,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-06-30",
          "value": 1.69,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-07-31",
          "value": 1.72,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-08-31",
          "value": 1.76,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-09-30",
          "value": 1.83,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-10-31",
          "value": 1.83,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-11-30",
          "value": 1.88,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-12-31",
          "value": 1.94,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-01-31",
          "value": 2.01,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-02-29",
          "value": 2.08,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-03-31",
          "value": 2.05,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-04-30",
          "value": 2.02,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-05-31",
          "value": 2.11,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-06-30",
          "value": 2.23,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-07-31",
          "value": 2.19,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-08-31",
          "value": 2.31,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-09-30",
          "value": 2.4,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-10-31",
          "value": 2.54,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-11-30",
          "value": 2.6,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-12-31",
          "value": 2.71,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-01-31",
          "value": 2.78,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-02-28",
          "value": 2.79,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-03-31",
          "value": 2.77,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-04-30",
          "value": 2.79,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-05-31",
          "value": 2.88,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-06-30",
          "value": 3.1,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-07-31",
          "value": 3.22,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-08-31",
          "value": 3.45,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-09-30",
          "value": 3.71,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-10-31",
          "value": 4.06,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-11-30",
          "value": 4.28,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-12-31",
          "value": 4.44,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-01-31",
          "value": 4.77,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-02-28",
          "value": 5.05,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-03-31",
          "value": 5.44,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-04-30",
          "value": 5.47,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-05-31",
          "value": 5.8,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-06-30",
          "value": 5.99,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-07-31",
          "value": 6.39,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-08-31",
          "value": 6.81,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2026-09-30",
          "value": 7.34,
          "source": "https://github.com/hiring-lab/ai-tracker"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "annual-reports-mentioning-ai",
      "url": "https://lucianoayres.com/ai-brief/data/annual-reports-mentioning-ai/",
      "title": "Share of US annual reports (10-K) that mention artificial intelligence",
      "lens": "risk",
      "unit": "percent",
      "definition": "Share of original 10-K annual reports filed in a calendar year whose main document contains the phrase \"artificial intelligence\", from SEC EDGAR full-text search. All reports are counted by the standard 10-K cover-page phrase.",
      "population": "Original 10-K annual reports filed with the US SEC in each calendar year",
      "cadence": "Annual",
      "sources": [
        {
          "publisher": "US Securities and Exchange Commission, EDGAR full-text search",
          "url": "https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22artificial%20intelligence%22&forms=10-K",
          "license": "Public (SEC filings)"
        }
      ],
      "readings": [
        {
          "as_of": "2019-12-31",
          "period": "2019",
          "value": 6.3,
          "label": "400 of 6,307 annual reports",
          "parts": [
            {
              "label": "Annual reports mentioning AI",
              "value": 400
            },
            {
              "label": "All annual reports",
              "value": 6307
            }
          ],
          "source": "https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22artificial%20intelligence%22&forms=10-K"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2020-12-31",
          "period": "2020",
          "value": 8.2,
          "label": "511 of 6,196 annual reports",
          "parts": [
            {
              "label": "Annual reports mentioning AI",
              "value": 511
            },
            {
              "label": "All annual reports",
              "value": 6196
            }
          ],
          "source": "https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22artificial%20intelligence%22&forms=10-K"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2021-12-31",
          "period": "2021",
          "value": 11.1,
          "label": "734 of 6,587 annual reports",
          "parts": [
            {
              "label": "Annual reports mentioning AI",
              "value": 734
            },
            {
              "label": "All annual reports",
              "value": 6587
            }
          ],
          "source": "https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22artificial%20intelligence%22&forms=10-K"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2022-12-31",
          "period": "2022",
          "value": 14.8,
          "label": "1,071 of 7,220 annual reports",
          "parts": [
            {
              "label": "Annual reports mentioning AI",
              "value": 1071
            },
            {
              "label": "All annual reports",
              "value": 7220
            }
          ],
          "source": "https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22artificial%20intelligence%22&forms=10-K"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2023-12-31",
          "period": "2023",
          "value": 17.6,
          "label": "1,206 of 6,836 annual reports",
          "parts": [
            {
              "label": "Annual reports mentioning AI",
              "value": 1206
            },
            {
              "label": "All annual reports",
              "value": 6836
            }
          ],
          "source": "https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22artificial%20intelligence%22&forms=10-K"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2024-12-31",
          "period": "2024",
          "value": 36.3,
          "label": "2,324 of 6,401 annual reports",
          "parts": [
            {
              "label": "Annual reports mentioning AI",
              "value": 2324
            },
            {
              "label": "All annual reports",
              "value": 6401
            }
          ],
          "source": "https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22artificial%20intelligence%22&forms=10-K"
        },
        {
          "as_of": "2025-12-31",
          "period": "2025",
          "value": 50.8,
          "label": "3,163 of 6,221 annual reports",
          "parts": [
            {
              "label": "Annual reports mentioning AI",
              "value": 3163
            },
            {
              "label": "All annual reports",
              "value": 6221
            }
          ],
          "source": "https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22artificial%20intelligence%22&forms=10-K"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}